Preemption Rears its Head Again in Federal Common Law and Nuisance Climate Change Challenge
To the surprise of all parties, and, no doubt, the glee of defendants, one of which is the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (both a government agency and a private corporation), the United States Solicitor General joined with defendants in petitioning the United States Supreme Court for review of the Second Circuit’s decision in AEP v. Connecticut, et al., 582 F.3d 309 (2nd Cir. 2009). In that case, the governmental and environmental plaintiffs (plaintiffs include the States of Connecticut, New York, California, Iowa, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin, the City of New York, The Open Space Institute, The Open Space Conservancy, and the Audubon Society of New Hampshire) had claimed, in two consolidated actions brought originally in the Southern District of New York that defendants’ (American Electric Power Company, American Electric Power Service Company, The Southern Company, XCel Energy, Inc., Synergy Corp. and TVA) combined annual emissions of 650 million tons per year of carbon dioxide contribute to global warming, and, thus, constitute a public nuisance. The District Court dismissed both lawsuits on the principal ground that the case presents a non-justiciable question of governmental policy.
The Second Circuit, however, overturned the District Court’s decision on, among other grounds: (1) plaintiffs’ claims were not preempted by statute or regulation; (2) in the absence of a statute and/or regulation completely occupying the field of climate change, the Federal common law of nuisance governs and plaintiffs had adequately stated a claim under it; and (3) the case did not present a non-justiciable Federal question.
One of the threshold questions for the Supreme Court must be whether the Congress or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has, in fact, so completely occupied the field of climate change that there is no room left for the common law. Preemption exists where Congress has expressed its intent to occupy the entire field through specific statutes and/or regulations, or, over time, Congress or the agency granted authority to regulate in a specific area have so completely legislated and regulated the field that there is no room for state or local regulation. City of Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal, 411 U.S. 624, 638-639 (1973).
The Solicitor General argued in his brief that just such an occupation of the field had taken place since the District Court’s decision, where EPA has: (1) found that greenhouse gas emissions for motor vehicles “endanger the public health and welfare” and should be regulated under the Clean Air Act [endangerment finding], endangerment and cause or contribute findings for greenhouse gases under section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act, 74 Fed.Reg. 66,496 (December 15, 2009); (2) issued a final rule establishing CO2 emissions standards for automobiles, Light Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 75 Fed.Reg. 25,324 (May 7, 2010); and (3) promulgated rules establishing emissions standards for stationary sources which have not yet been finalized, prevention of significant deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule, 75 Fed.Reg. 31,514 (June 3, 2010).
If it accepts certiorari, the Supreme Court will most likely be looking at the somewhat inconsistent decisions of the Second and Fourth Circuits in this area. In a ruling in August, 2010, the Fourth Circuit in North Carolina v. Tennessee Valley Authority, ____ F.3d ___, 2010 W.L. 2891572 (4th Cir. July 26, 2010), considered the argument of plaintiffs in that case that emissions of the seven criteria pollutants (including VOC or NOx, Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, PM10, PM2.5 ) from TVA installations, currently regulated by the EPA under the conformity provision of the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. section 7506, and 40 C.F.R. section 93.150, et seq., constitutes a public nuisance. Predictably, the Fourth Circuit found, among other things, that substantial regulation had already been promulgated at the Federal level for the control of criteria pollutants from Federal projects, and that to allow public nuisance doctrine to supercede the comprehensive regulatory regimen would lead to a “Balkanization of clean air regulations and a confused patchwork of standards.” North Carolina, supra, 2010 W.L. 2891572 at 1. The Fourth Circuit case did not implicate greenhouse gas emissions, either from Federal or private sources.
If the defendants/petitioners in AEP are looking to the Fourth Circuit decision for the “conflict among Circuits” threshold to Supreme Court review, their reliance may be misplaced, because a gap in Federal regulations, and thus preemption, persists with respect to the regulation of greenhouse gases emitted by Federal projects such as TVA. As greenhouse gases are defined to include pollutants other than the seven criteria pollutants, greenhouse gas regulation may not be fully preempted by the conformity provision. Therefore, the decisions of the Second Circuit in AEP and of the Fourth Circuit in North Carolina may, in fact, be consistent, because while EPA has fully regulated criteria pollutants, it has not yet regulated greenhouse gases in the context of conformity.
In short, a window appears to remain open to bring challenges to greenhouse gas impacts from Federal projects under the Federal common law of nuisance. The window will remain open until EPA supplements its conformity regulation, 40 C.F.R. section 93.150, et seq., for greenhouse gases. This opportunity is, of course, cold comfort to the State of Connecticut and its co-petitioners who are hoping to obtain an avenue of relief from private as well as public emissions sources.
